NERDS member Michele Coscia has updated his textbook for the Network Analysis and Advanced Network Science classes he teaches at ITU. This “Atlas for the Aspiring Network Scientist”, has now reached version 2.0, and 916 pages, and is available for anyone to read for free: https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.00863

Website: https://www.networkatlas.eu/

The new edition has a much improved coverage on graph neural networks, network data uncertainty, and background knowledge in statistics, machine learning, probability theory, and linear algebra.

Even version 2.0 has big margins for improvements. Please contact Michele with any comments.

Find a more detailed explanation of The Atlas for the Aspiring Network Scientist on Michele’s page: https://www.michelecoscia.com/?p=2393.

We have two new publications out, one on the Gamestop short squeeze by Reddit users, and one on bicycle network design with use case Copenhagen:

1. The dynamics of the Reddit collective action leading to the GameStop short squeeze, by A. Desiderio, L.M. Aiello, G. Cimini & L. Alessandretti , published in npj complexity
   
   In early 2021, the stock prices of GameStop, AMC, Nokia, and BlackBerry experienced dramatic increases, triggered by short-squeeze operations that have been largely attributed to Reddit’s retail investors. Here we shed light on the extent and timing of Reddit users’ influence on the GameStop short squeeze. Using statistical analysis tools with high temporal resolution, we find that increasing Reddit discussions anticipated high trading volumes. This effect emerged abruptly a few weeks before the event but waned once the community gained widespread visibility through Twitter. Meanwhile, the collective investment of the community, quantified through posts of individual positions, closely mirrored the market capitalization of the stock. This evidence suggests a coordinated action of users in developing a shared financial strategy through social media—targeting GameStop first and other stocks afterward. Overall, our results provide novel insights into the role of Reddit users in the dynamics of the GameStop short squeeze.
2. Cohesive urban bicycle infrastructure design through optimal transport routing in multilayer networks, by A. Lonardi, M. Szell and C. De Bacco, published in Journal of the Royal Society Interface
   
   Bicycle infrastructure networks must meet the needs of cyclists to position cycling as a viable transportation choice in cities. In particular, protected infrastructure should be planned cohesively for the whole city and spacious enough to accommodate all cyclists safely and prevent cyclist congestion—a common problem in cycling cities like Copenhagen. Here, we devise an adaptive method for optimal bicycle network design and for evaluating congestion criticalities on bicycle paths. The method goes beyond static network measures, using computationally efficient adaptation rules inspired by optimal transport on the dynamically updating multilayer network of roads and protected bicycle lanes. Street capacities and cyclist flows reciprocally control each other to optimally accommodate cyclists on streets with one control parameter that dictates the preference of bicycle infrastructure over roads. Applying our method to Copenhagen confirms that the city’s bicycle network is generally well-developed. However, we are able to identify the network’s bottlenecks, and we find, at a finer scale, disparities in network accessibility and criticalities between different neighbourhoods. Our model and results are generalizable beyond this particular case study to serve as a scalable and versatile tool for aiding urban planners in designing cycling-friendly cities.
   

We have been very productive over the winter! Five new NERDS publications were released in December and this January, on topics as diverse as archaeological networks, dynamic networks, spatial data science, climate change debates, and LLM-generated data:

1. “A Network of Mutualities of Being”: Socio-material Archaeological Networks and Biological Ties at Çatalhöyük, by C. Mazzucato, M. Coscia, A. Küçükakdağ Doğu, S. Haddow, M. Sıddık Kılıç, E. Yüncü & M. Somel, published in Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
   
   In this paper, we propose a Network Science framework to integrate archaeogenomic data and material culture at an intra-site scale to study biological relatedness and social organization at the Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük. Methodologically, we propose the use of network variance to investigate the association between biological relatedness and material culture within networks of houses. This approach allows us to observe how material culture similarity between buildings is associated with biological relationships between individuals and how biogenetic ties concentrate at specific localities on site.
2. Graph Evolution Rules Meet Communities: Assessing Global and Local Patterns in the Evolution of Dynamic Networks, by A. Galdeman, M. Zignani & S. Gaito, published in Big Data Mining and Analytics
   
   In this paper, we comprehensively explore Graph Evolution Rules (GERs) in dynamic networks from diverse systems with a focus on the rules characterizing the formation and evolution of their modular structures, using EvoMine for GER extraction and the Leiden algorithm for community detection. We characterize network and module evolution through GER profiles, enabling cross-system comparisons. By combining GERs and network communities, we decompose network evolution into regions to uncover insights into global and mesoscopic network evolution patterns. From a mesoscopic standpoint, the evolution patterns characterizing communities emphasize a non-homogeneous nature, with each community, or groups of them, displaying specific evolution patterns, while other networks’ communities follow more uniform evolution patterns. Additionally, closely interconnected sets of communities tend to evolve similarly. Our findings offer valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms governing the growth and development of dynamic networks and their communities, shedding light on the interplay between modular structures and evolving network dynamics.
3. Teaching spatial data science, by A.R. Vierø & M. Szell, published in Geoforum Perspektiv
   
   Spatial data science is an emerging field building on geographic information science, geography, and data science. Here we first discuss the definition and history of the field, arguing that it indeed warrants a new label. Then, we present the design of our course Geospatial Data Science at IT University of Copenhagen and discuss the importance of teaching not just spatial data science tools but also spatial and critical thinking. We conclude with a perspective on the potential future for spatial data science, arguing that qualitative theory and methods will continue to play an important role despite new GeoAI-related advances.
4. Do You See What I See? Emotional Reaction to Visual Content in the Online Debate About Climate Change, by L. Rossi, A. Segerberg, L. Arminio & M. Magnani, in Environmental Communication.
   
   This paper explores the visual echo chamber effect in online climate change communication. We analyze communication by progressive actors and counteractors involved in the public debate about climate change on Facebook, to address the possibility that visual content can bridge ideologically diverse communities. Specifically, we investigate whether visual content depicting protest serves this purpose. The findings reveal a small amount of shared visual content. Interestingly, the emotional reactions to this content for the most part diverge significantly, suggesting that pre-existing attitudes, such as climate ideological position, influence interpretation. Contrary to our expectations, however, we do not observe visual content representing protest activity bridging the two groups. This work posits the possibility of a two-fold (de)polarization around visual content that both connects and divides, which contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the social dynamics that create and sustain the echo chamber effect observed in online climate change debates.
5. The Problems of LLM-generated Data in Social Science Research  by L. Rossi, K. Harrison & I Shklovski, in  Sociologica.
   The paper explores LLMs when used for generating synthetic data for social science and design research. Researchers have used LLM-generated data for data augmentation and prototyping, as well as for direct analysis where LLMs acted as proxies for real human subjects. LLM-based synthetic data build on fundamentally different epistemological assumptions than previous synthetically generated data and are justified by a different set of considerations. In this essay, we explore the various ways in which LLMs have been used to generate research data and consider the underlying epistemological (and accompanying methodological) assumptions. We challenge some of the assumptions made about LLM-generated data, and we highlight the main challenges that social sciences and humanities need to address if they want to adopt LLMs as synthetic data generators.